Division Director, Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences (ACES)
Division Director, Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences (ACES)

Biography

Larry Berg conducts studies to investigate the behavior of the atmospheric boundary layer in rural and urban areas using both field measurements and regional weather prediction models. Specifically, Dr. Berg's research addresses questions related to the nature of turbulence in the atmosphere, boundary-layer clouds, and air pollution dispersion in urban areas. Results from these studies have led to the development of a new parameterization to represent fair-weather clouds in both global and regional scale models, and a modified regional prediction model coupled with an applied dispersion model for use in areas of complex terrain.

Research Interest

  • Atmospheric aerosols in global climate models
  • Processing and transport of atmospheric aerosols by clouds
  • Parameterization for fair-weather cumuli

Education

  • PhD in Atmospheric Science, The University of British Columbia
  • MS in Atmospheric Science, The University of British Columbia
  • BS in Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University

Affiliations and Professional Service

Publications

2021

  • Cornwell G.C., H. Xiao, L.K. Berg, and S.M. Burrows. 2021. "Simulated dust transport in the convective boundary layer." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 126, no. 5:e2020JD033429. PNNL-SA-156006. doi:10.1029/2020JD033429
  • Draxl C., R.P. Worsnop, G. Xia, Y.L. Pichugina, D. Chand, J.K. Lundquist, and J. Sharp, et al. 2021. "Mountain waves can impact wind power generation." Wind Energy Science 6, no. 1:45-60. PNNL-SA-152973. doi:10.5194/wes-6-45-2021

2020

  • Berg L.K., C.N. Long, E.I. Kassianov, D. Chand, S. Tai, Z. Yang, and L.D. Riihimaki, et al. 2020. "Fine-Scale Variability of Observed and Simulated Surface Albedo Over the Southern Great Plains." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 125, no. 7:Article No. e2019JD030559. PNNL-SA-141429. doi:10.1029/2019JD030559
  • Djalalova I.V., L. Bianco, E. Akish, J.M. Wilczak, J.B. Olson, J. Kenyon, and L.K. Berg, et al. 2020. "Wind ramp events validation in NWP forecast models during the second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2) using the Ramp Tool and Metric (RT&M)." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 6:2407-2421. PNNL-SA-156607. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-20-0072.1
  • Haupt S.E., L.K. Berg, A. Decastro, D.J. Gagne, P. Jimenez, T. Juliano, and B. Kosovic, et al. 2020. FY 2019 Report of the Atmosphere to Electrons Mesoscale-to-Microscale Coupling Project. PNNL-29603. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. FY 2019 Report of the Atmosphere to Electrons Mesoscale-to-Microscale Coupling Project
  • Haupt S.E., L.K. Berg, A. Decastro, D.J. Gagne, P. Jimenez, T. Juliano, and B. Kosovic, et al. 2020. Outcomes of the DOE Workshop on Atmospheric Challenges for the Wind Energy Industry. PNNL-30828. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Outcomes of the DOE Workshop on Atmospheric Challenges for the Wind Energy Industry
  • Kassianov E.I., M.S. Pekour, L.K. Berg, G. Chirokova, C.M. Flynn, A.G. Hallar, and A. Setyan, et al. 2020. "Aerosol Total Volume Estimation from Wavelength-and Size-resolved Scattering Coefficient Data: A New Method." Earth and Space Science 7, no. 9. PNNL-SA-144953. doi:10.1029/2019EA000863
  • Kaul C.M., S. Ananthan, M.J. Churchfield, J.D. Mirocha, L.K. Berg, and R.K. Rai. 2020. "Large eddy simulations of idealized atmospheric boundary layers using Nalu-Wind." In NAWEA/WindTech 2019, October 14-16, 2019,Amherst, MA. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1452, Paper No. 012078. PNNL-SA-145775. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1452/1/012078
  • Pichugina Y.L., R.M. Banta, A. Brewer, L. Bianco, C. Draxl, J. Kenyon, and J.K. Lundquist, et al. 2020. "Evaluating the WFIP2 updates to the HRRR model using scanning Doppler lidar measurements in the complex terrain of the Columbia River Basin." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 12, no. 4:043301. PNNL-SA-154501. doi:10.1063/5.0009138
  • Qian Y., Z. Yang, Z. Feng, Y. Liu, W.I. Gustafson, L.K. Berg, and M. Huang, et al. 2020. "Neglecting Irrigation Contributes to the Simulated Summertime Warm-and-Dry Bias in the Central United States." npj Climate and Atmospheric Science 3. PNNL-SA-154322. doi:10.1038/s41612-020-00135-w
  • Riley E.A., J. Kleiss, L.D. Riihimaki, C.N. Long, L.K. Berg, and E.I. Kassianov. 2020. "Shallow Cumuli Cover and Its Uncertainties from Ground-based Lidar-Radar Data and Sky Images." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 4:2099-2117. PNNL-SA-147012. doi:10.5194/amt-13-2099-2020
  • Wang C., Y. Qian, Q. Duan, M. Huang, L.K. Berg, H. Shin, and Z. Feng, et al. 2020. "Assessing the sensitivity of land-atmosphere coupling strength to boundary and surface layer parameters in the WRF model over Amazon." Atmospheric Research 234. PNNL-SA-149230. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104738
  • Yang Z., Y. Qian, Y. Liu, L.K. Berg, W.I. Gustafson, Z. Feng, and K. Sakaguchi, et al. 2020. "Understanding Irrigation Impacts on Low-Level Jets over the Great Plains." Climate Dynamics 55, no. 3-4:925-943. PNNL-SA-146743. doi:10.1007/s00382-020-05301-7

2019

  • Berg L.K., Y. Liu, B. Yang, Y. Qian, J. Olson, M.S. Pekour, and P. Ma, et al. 2019. "Sensitivity of Turbine-Height Wind Speeds to Parameters in Planetary Boundary-Layer Parametrization Used in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Extension to Wintertime Conditions." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 170, no. 3:507-518. PNNL-SA-132420. doi:10.1007/s10546-018-0406-y
  • Bianco L., I.V. Djalalova, J.M. Wilczak, J.B. Olson, J. Kenyon, A. Choukulkar, and L.K. Berg, et al. 2019. "Impact of model improvements on 80 m wind speeds during the second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2)." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 11:4803-4821. PNNL-SA-142587. doi:10.5194/gmd-12-4803-2019
  • Fast J.D., L.K. Berg, L. Alexander, D.M. Bell, E. D'Ambro, J.M. Hubbe, and C. Kuang, et al. 2019. "Overview of the HI-SCALE Field Campaign: A New Perspective on Shallow Convective Clouds." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 5:821-840. PNNL-SA-133582. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0030.1
  • Fast J.D., L.K. Berg, Z. Feng, F. Mei, R.K. Newsom, K. Sakaguchi, and H. Xiao. 2019. "The Impact of Variable Land-Atmosphere Coupling on Convective Cloud Populations Observed During the 2016 HI-SCALE Field Campaign." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 11, no. 8:2629-2654. PNNL-SA-143151. doi:10.1029/2019MS001727
  • Haupt S.E., B. Kosovic, W.J. Shaw, L.K. Berg, M.J. Churchfield, J. Cline, and C. Draxl, et al. 2019. "On Bridging a Modeling Scale Gap: Mesoscale to Microscale Coupling for Wind Energy." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 12:2533-2550. PNNL-SA-139881. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0033.1
  • Kassianov E.I., E.A. Riley, J. Kleiss, L.D. Riihimaki, and L.K. Berg. 2019. "Macrophysical Properties of Continental Shallow Cumuli: Diurnal Evolution." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XXIV, September 9-12, 2020, Strasbourg, France. Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by A Comeron, et al, 11152, Paper No. 111520A. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-146857. doi:10.1117/12.2534359
  • Lim K., L.D. Riihimaki, Y. Shi, D.M. Flynn, J. Kleiss, L.K. Berg, and W.I. Gustafson, et al. 2019. "Long-term retrievals of cloud type and fair-weather shallow cumulus events at the ARM SGP site." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, no. 10:2031-2043. PNNL-SA-146401. doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0215.1
  • Olson J., J. Kenyon, I.V. Djalalova, L. Bianco, D. Turner, Y.L. Pichugina, and A. Choukulkar, et al. 2019. "Improving Wind Energy Forecasting through Numerical Weather Prediction Model Development." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 11:2201-2220. PNNL-SA-138938. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0040.1
  • Rai R.K., L.K. Berg, B. Kosovic, S.E. Haupt, J.D. Mirocha, B.L. Ennis, and C. Draxl. 2019. "Evaluation of the Impact of Horizontal Grid Spacing in Terra Incognita on Coupled Mesoscale-microscale Simulations using the WRF Framework." Monthly Weather Review 147, no. 3:1007-1027. PNNL-SA-140704. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-18-0282.1
  • Shaw W.J., L.K. Berg, J. Cline, C. Draxl, I.V. Djalalova, E. Grimit, and J.K. Lundquist, et al. 2019. "The Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP 2): General Overview." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 9:1687-1699. PNNL-SA-139061. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0036.1
  • Tang Q., S.A. Klein, S. Xie, W. Lin, J. Golaz, E.L. Roesler, and M. Taylor, et al. 2019. "Regionally refined test bed in E3SM Atmosphere Model Version 1 (EAMv1) and applications for high-resolution modelling." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 7:2679-2706. PNNL-SA-141325. doi:10.5194/gmd-12-2679-2019
  • Wilczak J.M., J. Olson, I. Djalaova, L. Bianco, L.K. Berg, W.J. Shaw, and R.L. Coulter, et al. 2019. "Data Assimilation Impact of In Situ and Remote Sensing Meteorological Observations on Wind Power Forecasts during the First Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP)." Wind Energy 22, no. 7:932-944. PNNL-SA-132499. doi:10.1002/we.2332
  • Wilczak J.M., M. Stoelinga, L.K. Berg, J. Sharp, C. Draxl, K.L. McCaffrey, and R.M. Banta, et al. 2019. "The Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2): Observational Field Campaign." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, no. 9:1701-1723. PNNL-SA-139211. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0035.1
  • Yang B., L.K. Berg, Y. Qian, C. Wang, Z. Hou, Y. Liu, and H. Shin, et al. 2019. "Parametric and structural sensitivities of turbine-height wind speeds in the boundary-layer parameterizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 12:5951-5969. PNNL-SA-142837. doi:10.1029/2018JD029691
  • Yang Z., Y. Qian, Y. Liu, L.K. Berg, H. Hu, F. Dominguez, and B. Yang, et al. 2019. "Irrigation Impact on Water and Energy Cycle During Dry Years over the United States using Convection-permitting WRF and Dynamical Recycling Model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 21:11220-11241. PNNL-SA-141462. doi:10.1029/2019JD030524

2018

  • Kassianov E.I., E.A. Riley, J. Kleiss, L.D. Riihimaki, C.N. Long, V.R. Morris, and L.K. Berg. 2018. "Shallow Cumulus Macrophysical Properties at Midcontinental US Site: Integrated Multiyear Active and Passive Observations." In Proceedings of SPIE - Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XXIII, September 10-13, 2018, Berlin, Germany, edited by A Comer�n, et al, 10786, Paper No. 107860O. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-137324. doi:10.1117/12.2326691
  • Kassianov E.I., L.K. Berg, M.S. Pekour, J.C. Barnard, D. Chand, J.M. Comstock, and C.M. Flynn, et al. 2018. "A Closure Study of Total Scattering Using Airborne In Situ Measurements from the Winter Phase of TCAP." Atmosphere 9, no. 6:228. PNNL-SA-136397. doi:10.3390/atmos9060228
  • Kleiss J., E.A. Riley, C.N. Long, L.D. Riihimaki, L.K. Berg, V.R. Morris, and E.I. Kassianov. 2018. "Cloud Area Distributions of Shallow Cumuli: A New Method for Ground-based Images." Atmosphere 9, no. 7:Article number 258. PNNL-SA-135771. doi:10.3390/atmos9070258
  • Ma H., S.A. Klein, S. Xie, C. Zhang, S. Tang, Q. Tang, and C.J. Morcrette, et al. 2018. "CAUSES: On the role of surface energy budget errors to the warm surface air temperature error over the Central United States." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 123, no. 5:2888-2909. PNNL-SA-126060. doi:10.1002/2017JD027194
  • Mirocha J.D., M.J. Churchfield, D. Munoz-Esparza, R.K. Rai, Y. Feng, B. Kosovic, and S.E. Haupt, et al. 2018. "Large-Eddy Simulation Sensitivities to Variations of Configuration and Forcing Parameters in Canonical Boundary-Layer Flows for Wind Energy Applications." Wind Energy Science 3, no. 2:589-613. PNNL-SA-132498. doi:10.5194/wes-3-589-2018
  • Morcrette C.J., K. Van Weverberg, H. Ma, M. Ahlgrimm, E. Bazile, L.K. Berg, and A. Cheng, et al. 2018. "Introduction to CAUSES: Description of weather and climate models and their near-surface temperature errors in 5-day hindcasts near the Southern Great Plains." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 123, no. 5:2655-2683. PNNL-SA-126058. doi:10.1002/2017JD027199
  • Van Weverberg K., C.J. Morcrette, J.C. Petch, S.A. Klein, H. Ma, C. Zhang, and S. Xie, et al. 2018. "CAUSES: Attribution of Surface Radiation Biases in NWP and Climate Models near the U.S. Southern Great Plains." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 123, no. 7:3612-3644. PNNL-SA-126059. doi:10.1002/2017JD027188
  • Xiao H., L.K. Berg, and M. Huang. 2018. "The Impact of Surface Heterogeneities and Land-Atmosphere Interactions on Shallow Clouds Over ARM SGP Site." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 10, no. 6:1220-1244. PNNL-SA-131778. doi:10.1029/2018MS001286

2017

  • Berg L.K., R.K. Newsom, and D.D. Turner. 2017. "Year-Long Vertical Velocity Statistics Derived From Doppler Lidar in the Continental Convective Boundary Layer." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 9:2441-2454. PNNL-SA-122020. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0359.1
  • Haupt S.E., L.K. Berg, M.J. Churchfield, C. Kalb, B. Kosovic, L.J. Mazzaro, and E. Quon, et al. 2017. Third-Year Report of the Atmosphere to Electrons Mesoscale-to-Microscale Coupling Project. PNNL-28259. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Third-Year Report of the Atmosphere to Electrons Mesoscale-to-Microscale Coupling Project
  • Haupt S.E., R. Kotamarthi, Y. Feng, J.D. Mirocha, E. Koo, R. Linn, and B. Kosovic, et al. 2017. Second Year Report of the Atmosphere to Electrons Mesoscale to Microscale Coupling Project: Nonstationary Modeling Techniques and Assessment. PNNL-26267. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Second Year Report of the Atmosphere to Electrons Mesoscale to Microscale Coupling Project: Nonstationary Modeling Techniques and Assessment
  • Kassianov E.I., E.A. Riley, J. Kleiss, C.N. Long, L.D. Riihimaki, D.M. Flynn, and C.M. Flynn, et al. 2017. "Macrophysical properties of continental cumulus clouds from active and passive remote sensing." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XXII, September 11-14, 2017, Warsaw, Poland. Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by A Comeron, EI Kassianov and K Schafer, 10424, Paper No.104240A. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-128406. doi:10.1117/12.2278029
  • Kassianov E.I., J.C. Barnard, C.M. Flynn, L.D. Riihimaki, L.K. Berg, and D.A. Rutan. 2017. "Areal-Averaged Spectral Surface Albedo in an Atlanic Coastal Area: Estimation from Ground-Based Transmission." Atmosphere 8, no. 7:123. PNNL-SA-124561. doi:10.3390/atmos8070123
  • Kassianov E.I., M.S. Pekour, C.J. Flynn, L.K. Berg, J. Beranek, A. Zelenyuk, and C. Zhao, et al. 2017. "Large Contribution of Coarse Mode to Aerosol Microphysical and Optical Properties: Evidence from Ground-based Observations of a Transpacific Dust Outbreak at a High-Elevation North American Site." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 5:1431-1443. PNNL-SA-118075. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-16-0256.1
  • Rai R.K., L.K. Berg, B. Kosovic, J.D. Mirocha, M.S. Pekour, and W.J. Shaw. 2017. "Comparison of Measured and Numerically Simulated Turbulence Statistics in a Convective Boundary Layer over Complex Terrain." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 163, no. 1:69-89. PNNL-SA-115845. doi:10.1007/s10546-016-0217-y
  • Rai R.K., L.K. Berg, M.S. Pekour, W.J. Shaw, B. Kosovic, J.D. Mirocha, and B.L. Ennis. 2017. "Spatiotemporal variability of turbulence kinetic energy budgets in the convective boundary layer over both simple and complex terrain." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 12:3285-3302. PNNL-SA-125867. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0124.1
  • Raut J., L. Marelle, J.D. Fast, J.L. Thomas, B. Weinzierl, K.S. Law, and L.K. Berg, et al. 2017. "Cross-polar transport and scavenging of Siberian aerosols containing black carbon during the 2012 ACCESS summer campaign." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 18:10969-10995. PNNL-SA-125182. doi:10.5194/acp-17-10969-2017
  • Yang B., Y. Qian, L.K. Berg, P. Ma, S. Wharton, V. Bulaevskaya, and H. Yan, et al. 2017. "Sensitivity of Turbine-Height Wind Speeds to Parameters in Planetary Boundary-Layer and Surface-Layer Schemes in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 162, no. 1:117-142. PNNL-SA-112272. doi:10.1007/s10546-016-0185-2

2016

  • Berg L.K., J.D. Fast, J.C. Barnard, S. Burton, B. Cairns, D. Chand, and J.M. Comstock, et al. 2016. "The Two-Column Aerosol Project: Phase I - Overview and Impact of Elevated Aerosol Layers on Aerosol Optical Depth." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 121, no. 1:336-361. PNNL-SA-102905. doi:10.1002/2015JD023848
  • Fast J.D., L.K. Berg, K. Zhang, R.C. Easter, R.A. Ferrare, J. Hair, and C.A. Hostetler, et al. 2016. "Model Representations of Aerosol Layers Transported from North America over the Atlantic Ocean during the Two-Column Aerosol Project." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 121, no. 16:9814-9848. PNNL-SA-119932. doi:10.1002/2016JD025248
  • Hagos S.M., Z. Feng, C.D. Burleyson, C. Zhao, M. Martini, and L.K. Berg. 2016. "Moist process biases in simulations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation episodes observed during the AMIE/DYNAMO field campaign." Journal of Climate 29, no. 3:1091-1107. PNNL-SA-110414. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0349.1
  • Kassianov E.I., C.M. Flynn, J.C. Barnard, B.D. Ermold, and L.K. Berg. 2016. "New Shortwave Array Spectroradiometer-Hemispheric (SAS-He): Hyperspectral Design and Initial Applications." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XXI, September 26,2016, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 1001, Article No. 100010D. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-121737. doi:10.1117/12.2241203
  • Mirocha J.D., M.D. Simpson, J.D. Fast, L.K. Berg, and R. Baskett. 2016. "Investigation of boundary-layer wind predictions during nocturnal low-level jet events using the Weather Research and Forecasting model." Wind Energy 19, no. 4:739-762. PNNL-SA-97177. doi:10.1002/we.1862
  • Ortega I., L.K. Berg, R. Ferrare, J. Hair, C.A. Hostetler, and R.M. Volkamer. 2016. "Elevated aerosol layers modify the O2-O2 absorption measured by ground-based MAX-DOAS." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 176. PNNL-SA-116820. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.02.021
  • Ortega I., S. Coburn, L.K. Berg, K. Lantz, J.J. Michalsky, R.A. Ferrare, and J. Hair, et al. 2016. "The CU 2D-MAX-DOAS instrument - part 2: Raman Scattering Probability Measurements and Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Properties." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 8:3893-3910. PNNL-SA-114881. doi:10.5194/amt-2015-385
  • Qian Y., H. Yan, L.K. Berg, S.M. Hagos, Z. Feng, B. Yang, and M. Huang. 2016. "Assessing impacts of PBL and surface layer schemes in simulating the surface-atmosphere interactions and precipitation over the tropical ocean using observations from AMIE/DYNAMO." Journal of Climate 29, no. 22:8191-8210. PNNL-SA-114620. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0040.1
  • Stephan E.G., T.O. Elsethagen, L.K. Berg, M.C. Macduff, P.R. Paulson, W.J. Shaw, and C. Sivaraman, et al. 2016. "Semantic Catalog of Things, Services, and Data to Support a Wind Data Management Facility." Information Systems Frontiers 18, no. 4:679-691. PNNL-SA-100267. doi:10.1007/s10796-015-9546-5
  • Zhao C., M. Huang, J.D. Fast, L.K. Berg, Y. Qian, A. Guenther, and D. Gu, et al. 2016. "Sensitivity of biogenic volatile organic compounds to land surface parameterizations and vegetation distributions in California." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 5:1959-1976. PNNL-SA-114880. doi:10.5194/gmd-9-1959-2016

2015

  • Berg L.K., L.D. Riihimaki, Y. Qian, H. Yan, and M. Huang. 2015. "The Low-Level Jet over the Southern Great Plains Determined from Observations and Reanalyses and Its Impact on Moisture Transport." Journal of Climate 28, no. 17:6682-6706. PNNL-SA-105597. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00719.1
  • Berg L.K., M.B. Shrivastava, R.C. Easter, J.D. Fast, E.G. Chapman, and Y. Liu. 2015. "A New WRF-Chem Treatment for Studying Regional Scale Impacts of Cloud-Aerosol Interactions in Parameterized Cumuli." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 2:409-429. PNNL-SA-100862. doi:10.5194/gmd-8-409-2015
  • Chen Q., J. Fan, S.M. Hagos, W.I. Gustafson, and L.K. Berg. 2015. "Roles of Wind Shear at Different Vertical Levels: Cloud System Organization and Properties." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 120, no. 13:6551-6574. PNNL-SA-98941. doi:10.1002/2015JD023253
  • Kassianov E.I., L.K. Berg, M.S. Pekour, C.J. Flynn, J.M. Tomlinson, D. Chand, and J.E. Shilling, et al. 2015. "Airborne Aerosol In situ Measurements during TCAP: A Closure Study of Total Scattering." Atmosphere 6, no. 8:1069-1101. PNNL-SA-110601. doi:10.3390/atmos6081069
  • Kulkarni G.R., K. Zhang, C. Zhao, M.I. Nandasiri, V. Shutthanandan, X. Liu, and J.D. Fast, et al. 2015. "Ice formation on nitric acid coated dust particles: Laboratory and modeling studies." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 120, no. 15:7682-7698. PNNL-SA-105539. doi:10.1002/2014JD022637
  • Newsom R.K., L.K. Berg, W.J. Shaw, and M. Fischer. 2015. "Turbine-scale wind field measurements using dual-Doppler lidar." Wind Energy 18, no. 2:219-235. PNNL-SA-90908. doi:10.1002/we.1691
  • Wilczak J.M., C. Finley, J. Freedman, J. Cline, L. Bianco, J. Olson, and I. Djalaova, et al. 2015. "The Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP): A Public-Private Partnership Addressing Wind Energy Forecast Needs." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96, no. 10:1699-1718. PNNL-SA-101933. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00107.1
  • Yang Q., R.C. Easter, P. Campuzano-Jost, J.L. Jimenez, J.D. Fast, S.J. Ghan, and H. Wang, et al. 2015. "Aerosol transport and wet scavenging in deep convective clouds: a case study and model evaluation using a multiple passive tracer analysis approach." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 120, no. 16:8448-8468. PNNL-SA-109663. doi:10.1002/2015JD023647

2014

  • Kassianov E.I., J.C. Barnard, M.S. Pekour, L.K. Berg, J.E. Shilling, C.J. Flynn, and F. Mei, et al. 2014. "Simultaneous Retrieval of Effective Refractive Index and Density from Size Distribution and Light Scattering Data: Weakly-Absorbing Aerosol." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7. PNNL-SA-101838. doi:10.5194/amt-7-3247-2014
  • Muller D., C.A. Hostetler, R.A. Ferrare, S.P. Burton, E. Chemyakin, A. Kolgotin, and J. Hair, et al. 2014. "Airborne Multiwavelength High-Spectral-Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2) Observations During TCAP 2012: Vertical Proles of Optical and Microphysical Properties of a Smoke/Urban Haze Plume Over the Northeastern Coast of the US." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 10:3487-3496. PNNL-SA-100132. doi:10.5194/amt-7-3487-2014
  • Newsom R.K., L.K. Berg, M.S. Pekour, J.D. Fast, Q. Xu, P. Zhang, and Q. Yang, et al. 2014. "Evaluation of Single-Doppler Radar Wind Retrievals in Flat and Complex Terrain." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 8:1920-1931. PNNL-SA-97861. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0297.1
  • Scarino A., M. Obland, J.D. Fast, S.P. Burton, R.A. Ferrare, C.A. Hostetler, and L.K. Berg, et al. 2014. "Comparison of Mixed Layer Heights from Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar, Ground-based Measurements, and the WRP-Chem Model during CalNex and CARES." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 11:5547-5560. PNNL-SA-94537. doi:10.5194/acp-14-5547-2014
  • Shinozuka Y., R.R. Johnson, C.J. Flynn, P.B. Russell, B. Schmid, J. Redemann, and S. Dunagan, et al. 2014. "Correction to “Hyperspectral Aerosol Optical Depths from TCAP Flights”." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 119, no. 3:1692-1693. PNNL-SA-102146. doi:10.1002/jgrd.51089
  • Turner D.D., V. Wulfmeyer, L.K. Berg, and J. Schween. 2014. "Water Vapor Turbulence Profiles in Stationary Continental Convective Mixed Layers." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 119, no. 19:11,151-11,165. PNNL-SA-103755. doi:10.1002/2014JD022202

2013

  • Berg L.K., W.I. Gustafson, E.I. Kassianov, and L. Deng. 2013. "Evaluation of a Modified Scheme for Shallow Convection: Implementation of CuP and Case Studies." Monthly Weather Review 141, no. 1:134-147. PNNL-SA-87611. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-12-00136.1
  • Kassianov E.I., D. Lane-Veron, L.K. Berg, M. Ovchinnikov, and P. Kollias. 2013. "Markovian Approach and its Applications in a Cloudy Atmosphere." In Light Scattering Reviews 7: Radiative Transfer and Optical Properties of Atmosphere and Underlying Surface, edited by AA Kokhanovsky. 69-107. New York, New York:Springer. PNNL-SA-80471.
  • Kassianov E.I., J.C. Barnard, M.S. Pekour, L.K. Berg, J.D. Fast, J.J. Michalsky, and K. Lantz, et al. 2013. "Temporal Variability of Aerosol Properties during TCAP: Impact on Radiative Forcing." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XVIII; and Optics in Atmospheric Propagation and Adaptive Systems XVI, September 23, 2013, Dresden, Germany. Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by A Comeron, et. al., 8890, Paper No. 88900O. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE Publishing. PNNL-SA-97934. doi:10.1117/12.2029355
  • Kassianov E.I., J.C. Barnard, M.S. Pekour, L.K. Berg, J.J. Michalsky, K. Lantz, and G.B. Hodges. 2013. "Do Diurnal Aerosol Changes Affect Daily Average Radiative Forcing?." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 12:3265-3269. PNNL-SA-94968. doi:10.1002/grl.50567
  • Qian Y., M. Huang, B. Yang, and L.K. Berg. 2013. "A Modeling Study of Irrigation Effects on Surface Fluxes and Land-Air-Cloud Interactions in the Southern Great Plains." Journal of Hydrometeorology 14, no. 3:700-721. PNNL-SA-90494. doi:10.1175/JHM-D-12-0134.1
  • Shinozuka Y., R.R. Johnson, C.J. Flynn, P.B. Russell, B. Schmid, J. Redemann, and S. Dunagan, et al. 2013. "Hyperspectral Aerosol Optical Depths from TCAP Flights." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 118, no. 21:12180-12194. PNNL-SA-97236. doi:10.1002/2013JD020596
  • Shrivastava M.B., L.K. Berg, J.D. Fast, R.C. Easter, A. Laskin, E.G. Chapman, and W.I. Gustafson, et al. 2013. "Modeling aerosols and their interactions with shallow cumuli during the 2007 CHAPS field study." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 118, no. 3:1343-1360. PNNL-SA-88271.
  • Stephan E.G., T.O. Elsethagen, A.S. Wynne, C. Sivaraman, M.C. Macduff, L.K. Berg, and W.J. Shaw. 2013. "A Linked Fusion of Things, Services, and Data to Support a Collaborative Data Management Facility." In 9th International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (Collaboratecom 2013), October 20-23, 2013, Austin, Texas, 579-584. Austin, :ICST, the Institute for Computer science, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. PNNL-SA-98507. doi:10.4108/icst.collaboratecom.2013.254158
  • Wagner T.J., D.D. Turner, L.K. Berg, and S.K. Krueger. 2013. "Ground-Based Remote Retrievals of Cumulus Entrainment Rates." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 7:1460-1471. PNNL-SA-90715. doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00187.1
  • Yang Q., L.K. Berg, M.S. Pekour, J.D. Fast, R.K. Newsom, M. Stoelinga, and C. Finley. 2013. "Evaluation of WRF predicted near hub-height winds and ramp events over a Pacific Northwest site with complex terrain." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 8:1753-1763. PNNL-SA-91078. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0267.1

2012

  • Berg L.K., M.S. Pekour, and D.A. Nelson. 2012. Description of the Columbia Basin Wind Energy Study (CBWES). PNNL-22036. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Description of the Columbia Basin Wind Energy Study (CBWES)
  • Fast J.D., W.I. Gustafson, L.K. Berg, W.J. Shaw, M.S. Pekour, M.B. Shrivastava, and J.C. Barnard, et al. 2012. "Transport and Mixing Patterns over Central California during the Carbonaceous Aerosol and Radiative Effects Study (CARES)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 4:1759-1783. PNNL-SA-83353. doi:10.5194/acp-12-1759-2012
  • Kassianov E.I., D. Chand, L.K. Berg, J.D. Fast, J.M. Tomlinson, R. Ferrare, and C.A. Hostetler, et al. 2012. "Multi-year Satellite and Surface Observations of AOD in support of Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) Field Campaign." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XVII; and Lidar Technologies, Techniques, and Measurements for Atmospheric Remote Sensing VIII, September 24-27, 2012, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by EI Kassianov, et al, 8534, Paper No. 853407. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE Publishing. PNNL-SA-90427. doi:10.1117/12.977862
  • Setyan A., Q. Zhang, M. Merkel, W.B. Knighton, Y. Sun, C. Song, and J.E. Shilling, et al. 2012. "Characterization of submicron particles influenced by mixed biogenic and anthropogenic emissions using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry: results from CARES." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 17:8131-8156. PNNL-SA-86147. doi:10.5194/acp-12-8131-2012
  • Zaveri R.A., W.J. Shaw, D.J. Cziczo, B. Schmid, R. Ferrare, M.L. Alexander, and M. Alexandrov, et al. 2012. "Overview of the 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 16:7647-7687. PNNL-SA-84648. doi:10.5194/acp-12-7647-2012

2011

  • Berg L.K., C.M. Berkowitz, J.C. Barnard, G. Senum, and S.R. Springston. 2011. "Observations of the first aerosol indirect effect in shallow cumuli." Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 3:Article No. L03809. PNNL-SA-75354. doi:10.1029/2010GL046047
  • Berg L.K., E.I. Kassianov, C.N. Long, D.L. Mills Jr., and D.L. Mills Jr. 2011. "Surface summertime radiative forcing by shallow cumuli at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. (Atmospheres) 116. PNNL-SA-69094. doi:10.1029/2010JD014593
  • Berkowitz C.M., L.K. Berg, X. Yu, M.L. Alexander, A. Laskin, R.A. Zaveri, and B.T. Jobson, et al. 2011. "The Influence of Fog and Airmass History on Aerosol Optical, Physical and Chemical Properties at Pt. Reyes National Seashore." Atmospheric Environment 45, no. 15:2259-2568. PNNL-SA-74938. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.016
  • Kassianov E.I., and L.K. Berg. 2011. "Multi-Summer Climatology of Cumuli at SGP site: Vertical Structure." In Proceedings of the SPIE: Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XVI, September 21, 2011, Prague, Czech Republic, edited by EI Kassianov, et al, 8177, Paper No. 81770T. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-83350. doi:10.1117/12.897408
  • Kassianov E.I., J.C. Barnard, L.K. Berg, C.J. Flynn, and C.N. Long. 2011. "Sky Cover from MFRSR Observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 7:1463-1470. PNNL-SA-76980. doi:10.5194/amt-4-1463-2011
  • Kassianov E.I., J.C. Barnard, L.K. Berg, C.N. Long, and C.J. Flynn. 2011. "Shortwave Spectral Radiative Forcing of Cumulus Clouds from Surface Observations." Geophysical Research Letters 38. PNNL-SA-76469. doi:10.1029/2010GL046282
  • Kassianov E.I., M. Ovchinnikov, L.K. Berg, and C.J. Flynn. 2011. "Aerosol Retrievals under Partly Cloudy Conditions: Challenges and Perspectives." In Polarimetric Detection, Characterization, and Remote Sensing: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, edited by MI Mishchenko, et al. 205-232. Dordrecht:Springer. PNNL-SA-77245.
  • Kassianov E.I., M. Ovchinnikov, L.K. Berg, and C.J. Flynn. 2011. "CONVENTIONAL CLEAR-SKY AEROSOL RETRIEVALS: DO THEY WORK FOR CLOUDY DAYS?." Atti Della Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti. Classe di Scienze Fisiche Matematiche e Naturali 89, no. 1:Article No. C1V89S1P047-1-4. PNWD-SA-9338. doi:10.1478/C1V89S1P047

2010

  • Kassianov E.I., J.C. Barnard, L.K. Berg, C.J. Flynn, and C.N. Long. 2010. "Retrieval of Intensive Aerosol Properties from MFRSR observations: Partly Cloudy Cases." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XV: Proceedings of the SPIE, September 21, 2010, Toulouse, France, edited by RH Picard, K Schafer, A Comeron and M van Weele, 7827, Paper No. 7827Q. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-74871. doi:10.1117/12.865761
  • Kassianov E.I., M. Ovchinnikov, L.K. Berg, S.A. McFarlane, C.J. Flynn, R. Ferrare, and C.A. Hostetler, et al. 2010. "A New Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth from Reflectance Ratios on Partly Cloudy Days: Development and Evaluation." In 13th Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, June 28-July 2, 2010, Portland, Oregon, Paper No. P2.18. Boston, Massachusetts:American Meteorological Society. PNNL-SA-72478.
  • Kassianov E.I., M. Ovchinnikov, L.K. Berg, S.A. McFarlane, C.J. Flynn, R. Ferrare, and C.A. Hostetler, et al. 2010. "Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth in Vicinity of Broken Clouds from Reflectance Ratios: Case Study." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3. PNNL-SA-70625. doi:10.5194/amt-3-1333-2010

2009

  • Berg L.K., C.M. Berkowitz, J.A. Ogren, C.A. Hostetler, R. Ferrare, M.K. Dubey, and E. Andrews, et al. 2009. "Overview of the Cumulus Humilis Aerosol Processing Study." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90, no. 11:1653-1667. PNNL-SA-63982. doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2760.1
  • Berg L.K., E.I. Kassianov, C.N. Long, and D. Mills, Jr. 2009. "Three-dimensional Effects and Shortwave Cloud Radiative Forcing Associated with Shallow Cumuli Over Central North America." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XIV: Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by RH Picard, K Schafer, A Comeron, EI Kassianov and CJ Mertens, 7475, Article No. 747504. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-73335. doi:10.1117/12.832327
  • Kassianov E.I., L.K. Berg, S.A. McFarlane, C.J. Flynn, and D.D. Turner. 2009. "Long-term Statistics of Continental Cumuli: Does Aerosol Trigger Cumulus Variability?." In Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation (IRS 2008): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS). AIP Conference Proceedings, 1100, 470-473. Melville, New York:American Institute of Physics. PNNL-SA-61626.
  • Kassianov E.I., M. Ovchinnikov, L.K. Berg, S.A. McFarlane, C.J. Flynn, R. Ferrare, and C.A. Hostetler. 2009. "The 3D Radiative Effects of Clouds in Aerosol Retrieval: Can we Remove Them?." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XIV: Proceedings of the SPIE, edited by RH Picard, K Schafer, A Comeron, EI Kassianov and CJ Mertens, 7475, Article No. 74750I. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-73334. doi:10.1117/12.830179
  • Kassianov E.I., M. Ovtchinnikov, L.K. Berg, S.A. McFarlane, and C.J. Flynn. 2009. "A New Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth under Partly Cloudy Conditions with Multi-Spectral Measurements of Reflectance." In Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRS 2008): AIP Conference Proceedings, 1100, 263-266. Melville, New York:American Institute of Physics. PNNL-SA-61627. doi:10.1063/1.3116965
  • Kassianov E.I., M. Ovtchinnikov, L.K. Berg, S.A. McFarlane, and C.J. Flynn. 2009. "Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth in Vicinity of Broken Clouds from Reflectance Ratios: Sensitivity Study." Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer 110, no. 14-16:1677-1689. PNNL-SA-63745.

2008

  • Berg L.K., and E.I. Kassianov. 2008. "Temporal Variability of Fair-Weather Cumulus Statistics at the ACRF SGP Site." Journal of Climate 21, no. 13:3344-3358. PNNL-SA-53395. doi:10.1175/2007JCLI2266.1
  • Gustafson W.I., L.K. Berg, R.C. Easter, and S.J. Ghan. 2008. "The Explicit-Cloud Parameterized-Pollutant Hybrid Approach for Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in Multiscale Modelling Framework Models: Tracer Transport Results." Environmental Research Letters 3, no. 2:Art. No. 025005. PNNL-SA-58748. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025005
  • Kassianov E.I., M. Ovtchinnikov, L.K. Berg, S.A. McFarlane, and C.J. Flynn. 2008. "Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth in Vicinity of Broken Clouds from Reflectance Ratios: A Novel Approach." In Remote Sensing of Clouds and the Atmosphere XIII, 7107, 71070V. Bellingham, Washington:SPIE. PNNL-SA-61953. doi:10.1117/12.801288

2007

  • Berg L.K., and M.S. Pekour. 2007. RDCDS Meteorologoical Component Quick Installation Guide. PNNL-17107. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. RDCDS Meteorologoical Component Quick Installation Guide
  • Berg L.K., and R.B. Stull. 2007. "A New Scheme for Predicting Fair-Weather Cumulus." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88, no. 4:486-487. PNNL-SA-53276.
  • Pekour M.S., and L.K. Berg. 2007. Description of the RDCDS Meteorological Component. PNNL-17106. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Description of the RDCDS Meteorological Component

2006

  • Berg L.K., and K.J. Allwine. 2006. An Analysis of Wintertime Winds in Washington, D.C. PNNL-15799. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. An Analysis of Wintertime Winds in Washington, D.C.
  • Berg L.K., and K.J. Allwine. 2006. Deployment Notes for Sodars at the Stevens Institute of Technology during the March 2005 Urban Dispersion Program Field Campaign (MSG05). PNNL-15945. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Deployment Notes for Sodars at the Stevens Institute of Technology during the March 2005 Urban Dispersion Program Field Campaign (MSG05)
  • Berg L.K., and R.B. Stull. 2006. "Evaluation of a New Parameterization for Fair-Weather Cumulus." In 17th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, Paper No. J7-6. Boston, Massachusetts:American Meteorological Society. PNNL-SA-49202.
  • Berg L.K., E.I. Kassianov, C.N. Long, and W.I. Gustafson. 2006. "A Climatology of Fair-Weather Cloud Statistics at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Southern Great Plains Site: Temporal and Spatial Variability." In Proceedings of the Sixteenth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, March 27-31, 2006, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Washington, District Of Columbia:US Department of Energy. PNNL-SA-50875.
  • Berg L.K., R.M. Reynolds, K.J. Allwine, and A. Blumberg. 2006. "Comparisons of Measurements Made Using Two Sodars in an Urban Environment." In 86th Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, Paper No. JP2.9. Boston, Massachusetts:American Meteorological Society. PNNL-SA-48320.
  • Berkowitz C.M., L.K. Berg, J.A. Ogren, C.A. Hostetler, and R. Ferrare. 2006. Project Overview: Cumulus Humilis Aerosol Processing Study (CHAPS): Proposed Summer 2007 ASP Field Campaign. PNNL-15700. Richland, WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Project Overview: Cumulus Humilis Aerosol Processing Study (CHAPS): Proposed Summer 2007 ASP Field Campaign

2005

  • Berg L.K., and R.B. Stull. 2005. "A New Parameterization Framework for Boundary-Layer Cumuli." In Fifteenth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, March 14-18, 2005, Daytona Beach, Florida. Washington Dc:Department of Energy. PNNL-SA-44266.
  • Berg L.K., and R.B. Stull. 2005. "A Simple Parameterization Coupling the Convective Daytime Boundary Layer and Fair-Weather Cumuli." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 6:1976-1988. PNNL-SA-40825.
  • Berg L.K., and S. Zhong. 2005. "Sensitivity of MM5-Simulated Boundary Layer Characteristics to Turbulence Parameterizations." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 9:1467-1483. PNNL-SA-40845.

2004

  • Berg L.K., and R.B. Stull. 2004. "Parameterization of Joint Frequency Distributions of Potential Temperature and Water-Vapor Mixing Ratio in the Daytime Convective Boundary Layer." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 61, no. 7:813-828. PNNL-SA-38560.
  • Berg L.K., K.J. Allwine, and F.C. Rutz. 2004. "Incorporating a Full-Physics Meteorological Model into an Applied Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System." In Urban and Regional Air Quality Forecasting (Joint conference: Fifth Symposium on the Urban Environment and the 13th Conference on the Applications of Air Pollution. American Meteorological Society and Air & Waste Management Association), 5. Boston, Massachusetts:American Meteorological Society. PNNL-SA-42068. Incorporating a Full-Physics Meteorological Model into an Applied Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System
  • Berg L.K., S.F. De Wekker, W.J. Shaw, R.L. Coulter, and K.J. Allwine. 2004. "Observations of Boundary-Layer Winds in an Urban Environment." In Fifth Symposium on the Urban Environment, Paper no. 3.18. Boston, Massachusetts:American Meteorological Society. PNNL-SA-42128.
  • De Wekker S., L.K. Berg, K.J. Allwine, J.C. Doran, and W.J. Shaw. 2004. "Boundary-Layer Structure Upwind and Downwind of Oklahoma City during the Joint Urban 2003 Field Study." In Fifth Symposium on the Urban Environment, Paper no. 3.20. Boston, Massachusetts:American Meteorological Society. PNNL-SA-42177.